235 research outputs found

    Superfluidity in a gas of strongly-interacting bosons

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    We consider small systems of bosonic atoms rotating in a toroidal trap. Using the method of exact numerical diagonalization of the many-body Hamiltonian, we examine the transition from the Bose-Einstein condensed state to the Tonks-Girardeau state. The system supports persistent currents in a wide range between the two limits, even in the absence of Bose-Einstein condensation.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, revised version, to appear in Europh. Let

    Uniform semiclassical trace formula for U(3) --> SO(3) symmetry breaking

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    We develop a uniform semiclassical trace formula for the density of states of a three-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator (HO), perturbed by a term ∝r4\propto r^4. This term breaks the U(3) symmetry of the HO, resulting in a spherical system with SO(3) symmetry. We first treat the anharmonic term in semiclassical perturbation theory by integration of the action of the perturbed periodic HO orbits over the manifold C\mathbb{C}P2^2 which characterizes their 4-fold degeneracy. Then we obtain an analytical uniform trace formula which in the limit of strong perturbations (or high energy) asymptotically goes over into the correct trace formula of the full anharmonic system with SO(3) symmetry, and in the limit Ï”\epsilon (or energy) →0\to 0 restores the HO trace formula with U(3) symmetry. We demonstrate that the gross-shell structure of this anharmonically perturbed system is dominated by the two-fold degenerate diameter and circular orbits, and {\it not} by the orbits with the largest classical degeneracy, which are the three-fold degenerate tori with rational ratios ωr:ωϕ=N:M\omega_r:\omega_\phi=N:M of radial and angular frequencies. The same holds also for the limit of a purely quartic spherical potential V(r)∝r4V(r)\propto r^4.Comment: LaTeX (revtex4), 26pp., 5 figures, 1 table; final version to be published in J. Phys. A (without appendices C and D

    Deltagande Forskning – LĂ€rdomar, resultat och erfarenheter frĂ„n VĂ€xthusgruppens arbete 1999–2000

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    Centrum för uthÄlligt lantbruk (CUL) vid SLU har initierat ett pionjÀrarbete att fÄ igÄng deltagande forskning inom lantbrukssektorn i Sverige. I denna rapport beskrivs den lÀro- och förÀndringsprocess, de framgÄngar och svÄrigheter, som en av de grupper som ingÄr i CUL:s satsning genomgÄtt och mött under sitt arbete med deltagande forskning. De resultat gruppens försök och praktiska arbete lett fram till presenteras ocksÄ. Rapporten Àr skriven av gruppens facilitator (Karin EksvÀrd) efter att ha samtalat med gruppmedlemmarna enskilt och tillsammans om deltagarnas Äsikter kring gruppens arbete och arbetsformer. NÄgra av gruppdeltagarnas Äsikter och uttalanden finns inlagda som citat i rapporten. Deltagarna har Àven haft möjlighet att kommentera rapporten under dess framtagande. Gruppens arbete har möjliggjorts genom att rÄdgivarna har arrangerat gruppens möten som kurser inom miljöstödsprogrammet. Det har varit ett givande och lÀrorikt arbete som fortsÀtter att öka vÄrt kunnande om ekologisk tomatodling, oss sjÀlva som grupp och sÀttet att arbeta. Vi hoppas att denna rapport skall inspirera fler lantbrukare, rÄdgivare och forskare att i högre grad samverka med varandra och att pÄ detta sÀtt vidareutveckla svenskt lantbruk

    Semiclassical description of shell effects in finite fermion systems

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    A short survey of the semiclassical periodic orbit theory, initiated by M. Gutzwiller and generalized by many other authors, is given. Via so-called semiclassical trace formmulae, gross-shell effects in bound fermion systems can be interpreted in terms of a few periodic orbits of the corresponding classical systems. In integrable systems, these are usually the shortest members of the most degenerate families or orbits, but in some systems also less degenerate orbits can determine the gross-shell structure. Applications to nuclei, metal clusters, semiconductor nanostructures, and trapped dilute atom gases are discussed.Comment: LaTeX (revteX4) 6 pages; invited talk at Int. Conference "Finite Fermionic Systems: Nilsson Model 50 Years", Lund, Sweden, June 14-18, 200

    There Is Still So Much to Learn From Legislation

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    Denna rapport tar sin utgĂ„ngspunkt i den svenska regeringens stĂ€llningstagande att barn som inte anses ha skyddsbehov eller andra skĂ€l att stanna i Sverige ska kunna Ă„tervĂ€nda hem pĂ„ vĂ€rdiga sĂ€tt. Samma regering har dock ocksĂ„ tydligt uttalat att antalet av- och utvisningar vĂ€sentligen ska öka i förhĂ„llande till tidigare Ă„r. Det Ă€r den potentiella spĂ€nningen mellan skarpa krav pĂ„ effektivitet i av- och utvisningsĂ€renden Ă„ ena sidan och kraven pĂ„ vĂ€rdighet, respekt för mĂ€nskliga rĂ€ttigheter och barnets bĂ€sta Ă„ den andra, som undersöks i den hĂ€r rapporten. Fokus ligger pĂ„ hur centrala aktörer förhĂ„ller sig till och tolkar dessa krav och pĂ„ vad deras respektive förhĂ„llningssĂ€tt och tolkningar betyder för samverkan dem emellan. Tre fallstudier i kommuner av varierande storlek belĂ€gna i de geografiskt Ă„tskilda lĂ€nen VĂ€sterbotten, SkĂ„ne och VĂ€rmland har genomförts. Fallstudierna bygger pĂ„ totalt 49 intervjuer med handlĂ€ggare pĂ„ Migrationsverket, socialsekreterare, gode mĂ€n, HVBpersonal och poliser – alla verksamma som centrala aktörer vid av- och utvisningar. I analysen av det insamlade materialet betraktas de professionella aktörerna (de gode mĂ€nnen undantagna) som grĂ€srotsbyrĂ„krater med vida handlingsutrymmen. Det som undersöks Ă€r i vilken utstrĂ€ckning de anser sig kunna omsĂ€tta de politiska mĂ„lsĂ€ttningarna om ökad effektivitet och bibehĂ„llen vĂ€rdighet i praktiken. För att kunna analysera vad det Ă€r som utmĂ€rker samarbete och samverkan mellan aktörerna anvĂ€nds teorier om interorganisatorisk samverkan. De huvudsakliga slutsatser som framkommit i rapporten Ă€r att uppfattningar om och förhĂ„llningssĂ€tt till det effektiva och vĂ€rdiga Ă„tervĂ€ndandet skiljer sig Ă„t bland de olika aktörerna i VĂ€sterbotten, SkĂ„ne och VĂ€rmland. Aktörerna gör egna tolkningar av begreppen effektivitet och vĂ€rdighet, i vilka mening skapas utifrĂ„n professionella erfarenheter, roller och uppdrag. De största skillnaderna i uppfattning och tolkning har Ă„terfunnits mellan aktörskategorierna, inte mellan de tre fallstudierna. Polis och Migrationsverk anser generellt att effektivitet och vĂ€rdighet gĂ„r att förena. Poliserna och tjĂ€nstemĂ€nnen pĂ„ Migrationsverket har jĂ€mfört med de andra aktörerna oftare ett uttalat legalt perspektiv och ser bĂ„de vĂ€rdighet och respekt för barnens mĂ€nskliga rĂ€ttigheter som inbĂ€ddade i det juridiska ramverket. Socialsekreterare, HVB-personal och gode mĂ€n anser dĂ€remot generellt att ett Ă„tervĂ€ndande mot ett barns vilja inte nĂ„gonsin kan bli vĂ€rdigt. De Ă€r ocksĂ„ mer benĂ€gna att se det som att Barnkonventionen i relation till utlĂ€nningslagen hamnar i underordnad stĂ€llning. Vissa likheter mellan aktörerna har ocksĂ„ kunnat identifieras. Samtliga betonar gott bemötande, god kommunikation och tydlig information i relation till de barn som fĂ„tt av- eller utvisningsbeslut. Aktörernas olika förhĂ„llningssĂ€tt fĂ„r konsekvenser för deras samverkan. Överlag kan samverkan i samtliga undersökta kommuner beskrivas som begrĂ€nsad, oklar, personberoende och utan gemensamma mĂ„l. Aktörerna uttrycker brist pĂ„ tillit och mĂ„nga upplever en kĂ€nsla av ensamhet i sina roller. Goda erfarenheter av samverkan finns visserligen men det Ă€r tydligt att skilda professionella normer, organisationskulturer, erfarenheter och perspektiv försvĂ„rar samverkan.Vad Ă€r ett vĂ€rdigt Ă„tervĂ€ndand

    Bose-Einstein Correlations of Three Charged Pions in Hadronic Z^0 Decays

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    Bose-Einstein Correlations (BEC) of three identical charged pions were studied in 4 x 10^6 hadronic Z^0 decays recorded with the OPAL detector at LEP. The genuine three-pion correlations, corrected for the Coulomb effect, were separated from the known two-pion correlations by a new subtraction procedure. A significant genuine three-pion BEC enhancement near threshold was observed having an emitter source radius of r_3 = 0.580 +/- 0.004 (stat.) +/- 0.029 (syst.) fm and a strength of \lambda_3 = 0.504 +/- 0.010 (stat.) +/- 0.041 (syst.). The Coulomb correction was found to increase the \lambda_3 value by \~9% and to reduce r_3 by ~6%. The measured \lambda_3 corresponds to a value of 0.707 +/- 0.014 (stat.) +/- 0.078 (syst.) when one takes into account the three-pion sample purity. A relation between the two-pion and the three-pion source parameters is discussed.Comment: 19 pages, LaTeX, 5 eps figures included, accepted by Eur. Phys. J.

    Neuropeptide and Small Transmitter Coexistence: Fundamental Studies and Relevance to Mental Illness

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    Neuropeptides are auxiliary messenger molecules that always co-exist in nerve cells with one or more small molecule (classic) neurotransmitters. Neuropeptides act both as transmitters and trophic factors, and play a role particularly when the nervous system is challenged, as by injury, pain or stress. Here neuropeptides and coexistence in mammals are reviewed, but with special focus on the 29/30 amino acid galanin and its three receptors GalR1, -R2 and -R3. In particular, galanin's role as a co-transmitter in both rodent and human noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons is addressed. Extensive experimental animal data strongly suggest a role for the galanin system in depression-like behavior. The translational potential of these results was tested by studying the galanin system in postmortem human brains, first in normal brains, and then in a comparison of five regions of brains obtained from depressed people who committed suicide, and from matched controls. The distribution of galanin and the four galanin system transcripts in the normal human brain was determined, and selective and parallel changes in levels of transcripts and DNA methylation for galanin and its three receptors were assessed in depressed patients who committed suicide: upregulation of transcripts, e.g., for galanin and GalR3 in LC, paralleled by a decrease in DNA methylation, suggesting involvement of epigenetic mechanisms. It is hypothesized that, when exposed to severe stress, the noradrenergic LC neurons fire in bursts and release galanin from their soma/dendrites. Galanin then acts on somato-dendritic, inhibitory galanin autoreceptors, opening potassium channels and inhibiting firing. The purpose of these autoreceptors is to act as a 'brake' to prevent overexcitation, a brake that is also part of resilience to stress that protects against depression. Depression then arises when the inhibition is too strong and long lasting - a maladaption, allostatic load, leading to depletion of NA levels in the forebrain. It is suggested that disinhibition by a galanin antagonist may have antidepressant activity by restoring forebrain NA levels. A role of galanin in depression is also supported by a recent candidate gene study, showing that variants in genes for galanin and its three receptors confer increased risk of depression and anxiety in people who experienced childhood adversity or recent negative life events. In summary, galanin, a neuropeptide coexisting in LC neurons, may participate in the mechanism underlying resilience against a serious and common disorder, MDD. Existing and further results may lead to an increased understanding of how this illness develops, which in turn could provide a basis for its treatment
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